Speaking of philosophy, the Epicureans didn't have a chance once the Church and State merged as one.
Epicurus founded his Garden School in Athens around 306 BCE. Unlike the more civic-minded Aristotle’s Lyceum or Plato’s Academy, the Garden was:
socially mixed (women and enslaved people admitted), commune bases, withdrew from politics,, materialist in cosmology, and focused on tranquility and freedom from fear).
It taught, gods do not intervene in human affairs, soul dies with the body,
Death is nothing to us
It didn't have a chance in the long term because it undermined state religion and authority
Nevertheless it had a good run from fourth century BC so the second century AD. Made it to the Roman period.
By the 1st–2nd centuries CE, Epicureanism still had: endowments, scholarchships, teaching communities, private libraries. The Garden at Athens itself likely lasted into the 2nd century CE.
In In 176 CE, Marcus Aurelius marginalized epicurianism by endowed chairs in Athens for other philosophies. but not epicurianism, priviledging instead Platonism, Aristotelism, Stoism and skepticism.
By the fourth century the church supressed epicureanism, seizing endowments, confiscating property, dispersing private libraries, shutting down teaching spaces.
Frank Hutton Sellers require buyers, for sure.
Alex Morton We had a nationalized oil company in Canada until the Conservatives came into power. Petro-Canada was a publicly run oil company with extraction and distribution operations. The Crown corporation was created by an act of Parliament in 1975. The company was proposed by the New Democratic Party of Canada that believed a publicly run oil company would benefit Canadians by keeping prices low and ensuring that a substantial amount of Canada’s oil production would remain within the country. The idea was supported by the Liberal minority government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, who saw the company as being a good fit with the federal government’s existing oil and gas policies.
in 1973, world oil prices quadrupled due to the Arab oil embargo following the Yom Kippur War. The province of Alberta had substantial oil reserves, whose extraction had long been controlled by American corporations. The government of Canada Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the opposition New Democratic Party felt that these corporations geared most of their production to the American market, and as a result, little of the benefit of rising oil prices went to Canadians. During debates in the House of Commons, for example, Tommy Douglas supported the new Crown Corporation by saying: "It should be remembered that the people of Canada have paid billions of dollars to enlarge and enrich foreign oil companies, and only now, belatedly, are we setting up an economic vehicle to develop our petroleum resources for the benefit of Canadians."
Trudeau's Liberals were then in a minority government and dependent upon the support of the NDP to stay in power. The idea also fit with the growing movement toward economic nationalism within the Liberals. The Liberals and NDP passed the bill over the opposition of the Progressive Conservative Party led by Robert Stanfield.
Crown Corporation (1975–1991)
Petro-Canada was founded as a Crown Corporation in 1975 by an act of Parliament. It started its operations on 1 January 1976. The company was given C$1.5 billion in start-up money and easy access to new sources of capital. It was set up in Calgary, despite the hostility of existing oil firms. Its first president was Maurice Strong. The Progressive Conservatives (PCs), then led by Albertan Joe Clark, were opponents of the company, and advocated breaking it up and selling it. However, they were unable to proceed with these plans during their brief time in power in 1979–80.
Petro-Canada Fuel Pump
With the establishment of Petro-Canada, the federal government transferred its 45% stake in Panarctic Oils Ltd. and its 12% stake in Syncrude to the newly established company. In 1976, Petro-Canada purchased Atlantic Richfield Canada, in 1978 Pacific Petroleums, and in 1981 the Canadian operations of Petrofina. Most of the original Petro-Canada refineries and service stations were acquired from BP Canada in 1983.
The company became popular outside of Alberta as a symbol of Canadian nationalism. It quickly grew to become one of the largest players in the traditional oil fields of the west as well as in the oil sands and the East coast offshore oil fields.
When the Liberals returned to power in 1980, energy policy was an important focus, and the sweeping National Energy Program was created. This expanded Petro-Canada, but was seen as detrimental to Alberta's economy. The PC government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1984–1993) stopped using Petro-Canada as a policy tool (also abandoning the National Energy Program with it), and it began to compete fully and successfully with the private sector companies while abandoning its founding principles of economic nationalism.
Private, Independent Company (1991–2009)
In 1990, the Mulroney government announced its intention to privatize Petro-Canada, and the first shares were sold on the open market in July 1991 at $13 each.[citation needed] The government began to slowly sell its majority control, but kept a 19% stake in the company. No other shareholder was allowed to own more than 10%, however. Also, foreigners could not control more than 25% of the company.
During the first year, the value of the shares gradually dropped to $8 as Petro-Canada suffered a loss of $603 million, primarily because of the devaluation of some assets.[citation needed] The newly private company significantly reduced the number of properties in which it had a direct interest. It reduced its annual operating costs by $300 million and it went from a staff of close to 11,000 to only about 5,000 employees. Many of these laid-off employees went on to work and start up other oil companies in Alberta, creating a new group of Canadian producers. But many did not work in other oil companies and some left Alberta to find work elsewhere.
Conservatives seem to always be the enemy of the people.
Roy Scarbrough The multi-national oil companies will argue that they need to get the full market price to continue to find and pump more oil. Private enterprise. The profit motive! Fine. That means there will be incentive to develop the non-fossil fuel energy.
Alex Morton Non-fossil fuel cars are being most aggressively manufactured and marketed by the Chinese. Canada has just dropped its tariffs on Chinese cars because of the orange centipede who declared economic war on Canada. We will be getting EVs that are similar in form-factor to the RAV 4, only they're far more sophisticated and will sell for around $25,000 Canadian. Wave bye bye to Tesla. BYD, the lead Chinese auto manufacturer, will be shipping the first of 40,000 EVs to Canada in the next few weeks. If all goes well, they will establish a manufacturing facility in Canada which will provide thousands of jobs for us. This will represent real progress in the battle to break dependence on fossil fuels.
Roy Scarbrough Yes, I've heard about those Chinese cars. Meanwhile the subsidy that makes the E RAV 4 affordable is expiring as we prepare to spend billions to defend the global oil supply chain. How stupid is that! I can't afford $55,000 for a strip down e-RAV 4.